Cycle of Violence
Israel and Palestine
Israel and Palestine
Much of the violence is under-reported leaving a distorted picture of the cycle of violence. From the start of the roadmap process, this blog will try to catalog any violence resulting in deaths on either side, as well as the number of wounded with one entry per event. It also includes violence against peace activists and charitable volunteers. Prior violence is cataloged for context only.
Saturday, January 31, 2004
Gaza: clashes: 13 Pal dead
Guardian Unlimited | Special reports | Israeli army 'kills 13' in Gaza: "Israeli army says 13 Palestinians dead in Gaza clash | Wednesday January 28, 2004
At least 13 Palestinians have died, Israel's Army Radio reported today, in the deadliest clashes in the Gaza Strip for over one month.
...
The fighting apparently broke out when Israeli troops launched an operation near the Jewish settlement of Netzarim, in the heart of Gaza.
Palestinian militants set off an explosive and fired anti-tank missiles at the troops, who fired back, the army said. Two Palestinians were killed in the incident, said Dr Moawia Hassan, a chief Palestinian hospital official.
Later, the army entered a Gaza City neighbourhood near Netzarim, and a fierce battle flared between troops and gunmen. Seven other Palestinians have been killed in that fighting, and several others were wounded, Dr Hassan said. ...
Guardian Unlimited | Special reports | Israeli army 'kills 13' in Gaza: "Israeli army says 13 Palestinians dead in Gaza clash | Wednesday January 28, 2004
At least 13 Palestinians have died, Israel's Army Radio reported today, in the deadliest clashes in the Gaza Strip for over one month.
...
The fighting apparently broke out when Israeli troops launched an operation near the Jewish settlement of Netzarim, in the heart of Gaza.
Palestinian militants set off an explosive and fired anti-tank missiles at the troops, who fired back, the army said. Two Palestinians were killed in the incident, said Dr Moawia Hassan, a chief Palestinian hospital official.
Later, the army entered a Gaza City neighbourhood near Netzarim, and a fierce battle flared between troops and gunmen. Seven other Palestinians have been killed in that fighting, and several others were wounded, Dr Hassan said. ...
Saturday, January 24, 2004
Gaza: IDF shoots: 2 Pal unarmed militants
Excite News: "Israeli Troops Kill Two Palestinians | Jan 24, 8:27 AM (ET) | By IBRAHIM BARZAK
GAZA CITY, Gaza Strip (AP) - Israeli troops on Saturday shot to death two Palestinian militants who entered an unauthorized military zone near a security barrier separating Gaza from Israel, army and Palestinian sources said.
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In the Gaza strip, Palestinian sources said two men killed by Israeli troops were members of the militant Al Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades. Soldiers shot the men as they neared the fence separating Gaza from Israel. [... shoot now, check later, who cares?]
The men were identified as Ashraf al-Imbayed, 25, who was wearing a military-style jacket, and a distant relative from the same family clan, Samir al-Imbayed, 23.
The men were unarmed, but were carrying binoculars and cell phones, possible signs that they were planning an attack, the army said. ...
Excite News: "Israeli Troops Kill Two Palestinians | Jan 24, 8:27 AM (ET) | By IBRAHIM BARZAK
GAZA CITY, Gaza Strip (AP) - Israeli troops on Saturday shot to death two Palestinian militants who entered an unauthorized military zone near a security barrier separating Gaza from Israel, army and Palestinian sources said.
...
In the Gaza strip, Palestinian sources said two men killed by Israeli troops were members of the militant Al Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades. Soldiers shot the men as they neared the fence separating Gaza from Israel. [... shoot now, check later, who cares?]
The men were identified as Ashraf al-Imbayed, 25, who was wearing a military-style jacket, and a distant relative from the same family clan, Samir al-Imbayed, 23.
The men were unarmed, but were carrying binoculars and cell phones, possible signs that they were planning an attack, the army said. ...
Thursday, January 22, 2004
Gaza: Israelis shoot: 1 Pal dead (11), 2 wounded (all 14-17) (IDF says shot at legs ... BUT ... boy is shot in Back of Head) [... shoot now ...]
Excite News: "Israeli Soldiers Kill Palestinian Teen | Jan 22, 8:44 AM (ET) | By IBRAHIM BARZAK
GAZA CITY, Gaza Strip (AP) - Israeli soldiers shot and killed a 14-year-old Palestinian boy Thursday as he and six other unarmed teenagers tried to sneak from the Gaza Strip into Israel, the military said.
Two teenagers were wounded and taken to Israel for treatment.
Soldiers shot at the teenagers - who were carrying a ladder - when they came within 25 yards of Israel's barrier separating Israel and Gaza, an area where militants often lay bombs, the army said. It said soldiers aimed at the lower bodies of the teenagers, who were ages 14-17. ...
Later Revision -- Excite News
An 11-year-old Palestinian was killed and two other boys were wounded near Gaza's border fence Thursday - the violent end to what one youth's family said was an innocent bird hunt but appeared to Israeli soldiers like an infiltration attempt.
Troops shot toward the boys, who turned out to be unarmed, in an area where Palestinian militants have repeatedly planted explosives or tried to sneak into Israel, the army said. The area, along the fence between Gaza and Israel, has been off limits to Palestinians during more than three years of fighting.
Some Palestinian children hunt birds for pocket money, selling them for meat or as pets. A goldfinch can bring up to $20 in Gaza City's markets; many Palestinians keep caged songbirds in their homes.
Asked why Mohsan's family didn't stop him from going into the dangerous border zone, where trespassers are often shot by Israeli soldiers on sight, the uncle said: "Children their age have no place to go, they have no playground."
The military said soldiers spotted seven figures with a ladder near the border fence Thursday morning. Troops opened fire, believing those approaching might be militants trying to sneak into Israel or plant anti-tank mines. The shootings took place in daylight, but the military said it was not clear whether troops realized those near the fence were youngsters.
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Mohsan, who was in fifth grade, suffered a single shot to the back of the head, said Dr. Baker Abu Safiyeh at Gaza City's Shifa Hospital.
Excite News: "Israeli Soldiers Kill Palestinian Teen | Jan 22, 8:44 AM (ET) | By IBRAHIM BARZAK
GAZA CITY, Gaza Strip (AP) - Israeli soldiers shot and killed a 14-year-old Palestinian boy Thursday as he and six other unarmed teenagers tried to sneak from the Gaza Strip into Israel, the military said.
Two teenagers were wounded and taken to Israel for treatment.
Soldiers shot at the teenagers - who were carrying a ladder - when they came within 25 yards of Israel's barrier separating Israel and Gaza, an area where militants often lay bombs, the army said. It said soldiers aimed at the lower bodies of the teenagers, who were ages 14-17. ...
Later Revision -- Excite News
An 11-year-old Palestinian was killed and two other boys were wounded near Gaza's border fence Thursday - the violent end to what one youth's family said was an innocent bird hunt but appeared to Israeli soldiers like an infiltration attempt.
Troops shot toward the boys, who turned out to be unarmed, in an area where Palestinian militants have repeatedly planted explosives or tried to sneak into Israel, the army said. The area, along the fence between Gaza and Israel, has been off limits to Palestinians during more than three years of fighting.
Some Palestinian children hunt birds for pocket money, selling them for meat or as pets. A goldfinch can bring up to $20 in Gaza City's markets; many Palestinians keep caged songbirds in their homes.
Asked why Mohsan's family didn't stop him from going into the dangerous border zone, where trespassers are often shot by Israeli soldiers on sight, the uncle said: "Children their age have no place to go, they have no playground."
The military said soldiers spotted seven figures with a ladder near the border fence Thursday morning. Troops opened fire, believing those approaching might be militants trying to sneak into Israel or plant anti-tank mines. The shootings took place in daylight, but the military said it was not clear whether troops realized those near the fence were youngsters.
...
Mohsan, who was in fifth grade, suffered a single shot to the back of the head, said Dr. Baker Abu Safiyeh at Gaza City's Shifa Hospital.
Monday, January 19, 2004
Israel-Lebanon border: anti-tank shell: 1 Israeli soldier dead
Excite - NewsIsraeli Soldier Killed on Border with Lebanon | Jan 19, 4:56 pm ET | By Jeffrey Heller
JERUSALEM (Reuters) - Hizbollah guerrillas killed an Israeli soldier on the Lebanon border on Monday in an attack that Israel seized upon as an example of why it is rebuffing peace feelers from Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.
The incident raised tensions along the border and the possibility of Israeli reprisals.
Hizbollah said its guerrillas fired an anti-tank missile at an Israeli bulldozer which had crossed into Lebanon, destroying it. The Israeli army said one soldier was killed and another seriously wounded.
Major-General Benny Gantz, chief of Israel's northern command, said the bulldozer crossed an Israeli security fence to clear bombs planted by the Syria-backed Hizbollah but operated short of the international frontier. ...
Excite - NewsIsraeli Soldier Killed on Border with Lebanon | Jan 19, 4:56 pm ET | By Jeffrey Heller
JERUSALEM (Reuters) - Hizbollah guerrillas killed an Israeli soldier on the Lebanon border on Monday in an attack that Israel seized upon as an example of why it is rebuffing peace feelers from Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.
The incident raised tensions along the border and the possibility of Israeli reprisals.
Hizbollah said its guerrillas fired an anti-tank missile at an Israeli bulldozer which had crossed into Lebanon, destroying it. The Israeli army said one soldier was killed and another seriously wounded.
Major-General Benny Gantz, chief of Israel's northern command, said the bulldozer crossed an Israeli security fence to clear bombs planted by the Syria-backed Hizbollah but operated short of the international frontier. ...
Wednesday, January 14, 2004
Erez Crossing, Gaza Strip: mother in suicide bombing: 4 Israeli dead, 3 wounded; 4 Pal wounded
Excite - News: "Mother of Two Kills 4 in Israel-Gaza Border Attack | Jan 14, 11:59 am ET | By Nidal al-Mughrabi
EREZ CROSSING, Gaza Strip (Reuters) - A Palestinian mother of two blew herself up at the main border crossing between Israel and the Gaza Strip Wednesday, killing four Israelis and wounding seven people.
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The army said the dead included three soldiers and one Israeli civilian. Four Palestinians were among the wounded.
Excite - News: "Mother of Two Kills 4 in Israel-Gaza Border Attack | Jan 14, 11:59 am ET | By Nidal al-Mughrabi
EREZ CROSSING, Gaza Strip (Reuters) - A Palestinian mother of two blew herself up at the main border crossing between Israel and the Gaza Strip Wednesday, killing four Israelis and wounding seven people.
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The army said the dead included three soldiers and one Israeli civilian. Four Palestinians were among the wounded.
Talmon, West Bank: shooting ambush: 1 ISraeli settler dead, 3 wounded
One dead, three wounded in West Bank shooting ambush: "By Amos Harel and Arnon Regular | January 14, 2004
Ro'i Arbel, 29, a Talmon settlement resident, was killed and three others were wounded, one moderately, when they fell victim to a nighttime ambush of their car on a road west of Ramallah, near the settlement of Talmon. The shooters managed to escape.
The incident took place around 7:30 P.M., on the road from Kiryat Sefer, on the Green Line, to Talmon. The car was on the way to Talmon, where all four passengers live.
One dead, three wounded in West Bank shooting ambush: "By Amos Harel and Arnon Regular | January 14, 2004
Ro'i Arbel, 29, a Talmon settlement resident, was killed and three others were wounded, one moderately, when they fell victim to a nighttime ambush of their car on a road west of Ramallah, near the settlement of Talmon. The shooters managed to escape.
The incident took place around 7:30 P.M., on the road from Kiryat Sefer, on the Green Line, to Talmon. The car was on the way to Talmon, where all four passengers live.
British peace activist dies in coma after being shot by Israeli soldier: shot in head by Israeli sniper while rescuing children
Yahoo! News - British peace activist dies in coma after being shot by Israeli soldier: "Wed Jan 14, 6:10 AM ET
LONDON (AFP) - A British peace activist, who had been in a coma and brain dead since being shot by an Israeli soldier at a Palestinian refugee camp in the Gaza strip in April last year, has died, his family said.
"Tom died last night" (Tuesday) at the specialist Royal Hospital for Neuro-disability in Putney, southwest London, after a bout of pneumonia, his mother Jocelyn Hurndall said.
Tom Hurndall, 22, an activist with the Palestinian-led International Solidarity Movement, was hit in the head and critically wounded by sniper fire in the Rafah refugee camp on April 11.
He was subsequently pronounced clinically dead and airlifted to London, where he remained in a vegetative state in hospital.
Palestinian medics and witnesses said Hurndall was trying to pull two Palestinian children out of danger when shots were deliberately fired from a nearby Israeli army watchtower.
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The Israeli military announced December 31 that one of its soldiers -- who it did not identify -- had been arrested in connection with the shooting of the Manchester university photography student.
It said the soldier had initially claimed that he returned fire at a man armed with a pistol.
"However, following an intensive investigation by the military police of the Southern Command, the soldier admitted to shooting in proximity of an unarmed civilian in order to deter him," it added.
In Jerusalem, an Israeli army spokesman told AFP on Wednesday that the soldier was indicted on six counts on Monday, and that following Hurndall's death it was possible that the charge sheet would be modified.
...
Speaking on BBC radio, Hurndall's sister Sophie Hurndall said the family felt "a great sadness", but also "a sense of relief" that his suffering was finally over.
But she held out hope that justice would eventually be done.
"The army has been, the whole way along with this, trying to get itself off the hook and its soldiers," she said.
"In my mind, there is absolutely no question that it was absolutely premeditated.
"We know that he (the soldier) was using a telescopic lens. We know that he's lied consistently. We know that other soldiers lie for him. We know that he knew that Tom was wearing an orange jacket. And he's confessed that he knew Tom was unarmed at the time."
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"They want to make sure Tom's killer is prosecuted for murder and not for manslaughter," he said. "The family will be pressing its lawyers to ensure that the appropriate charge of murder is applied in this case."
Yahoo! News - British peace activist dies in coma after being shot by Israeli soldier: "Wed Jan 14, 6:10 AM ET
LONDON (AFP) - A British peace activist, who had been in a coma and brain dead since being shot by an Israeli soldier at a Palestinian refugee camp in the Gaza strip in April last year, has died, his family said.
"Tom died last night" (Tuesday) at the specialist Royal Hospital for Neuro-disability in Putney, southwest London, after a bout of pneumonia, his mother Jocelyn Hurndall said.
Tom Hurndall, 22, an activist with the Palestinian-led International Solidarity Movement, was hit in the head and critically wounded by sniper fire in the Rafah refugee camp on April 11.
He was subsequently pronounced clinically dead and airlifted to London, where he remained in a vegetative state in hospital.
Palestinian medics and witnesses said Hurndall was trying to pull two Palestinian children out of danger when shots were deliberately fired from a nearby Israeli army watchtower.
...
The Israeli military announced December 31 that one of its soldiers -- who it did not identify -- had been arrested in connection with the shooting of the Manchester university photography student.
It said the soldier had initially claimed that he returned fire at a man armed with a pistol.
"However, following an intensive investigation by the military police of the Southern Command, the soldier admitted to shooting in proximity of an unarmed civilian in order to deter him," it added.
In Jerusalem, an Israeli army spokesman told AFP on Wednesday that the soldier was indicted on six counts on Monday, and that following Hurndall's death it was possible that the charge sheet would be modified.
...
Speaking on BBC radio, Hurndall's sister Sophie Hurndall said the family felt "a great sadness", but also "a sense of relief" that his suffering was finally over.
But she held out hope that justice would eventually be done.
"The army has been, the whole way along with this, trying to get itself off the hook and its soldiers," she said.
"In my mind, there is absolutely no question that it was absolutely premeditated.
"We know that he (the soldier) was using a telescopic lens. We know that he's lied consistently. We know that other soldiers lie for him. We know that he knew that Tom was wearing an orange jacket. And he's confessed that he knew Tom was unarmed at the time."
...
"They want to make sure Tom's killer is prosecuted for murder and not for manslaughter," he said. "The family will be pressing its lawyers to ensure that the appropriate charge of murder is applied in this case."
Friday, January 09, 2004
Rafah, Gaza Strip: troops kill: 42-year-old Pal
Yahoo! News - Two Palestinians Killed in Israeli Shootings: "Thu Jan 8,10:20 AM ET
JENIN, West Bank (Reuters) - Israeli forces shot dead two Palestinians Thursday, a militant in a West Bank city center and a man standing at the window of a house in a Gaza refugee camp overlooking a Jewish settlement, witnesses said.
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In the Gaza Strip (news - web sites), Israeli troops guarding the Jewish settlement of Rafiah Yam fired into the neighboring Palestinian refugee camp of Rafah, killing a 42-year-old man who was shutting a window in his home at the time, witnesses said.
The Israeli army said it was investigating the incident. [... Joke!]
Yahoo! News - Two Palestinians Killed in Israeli Shootings: "Thu Jan 8,10:20 AM ET
JENIN, West Bank (Reuters) - Israeli forces shot dead two Palestinians Thursday, a militant in a West Bank city center and a man standing at the window of a house in a Gaza refugee camp overlooking a Jewish settlement, witnesses said.
...
In the Gaza Strip (news - web sites), Israeli troops guarding the Jewish settlement of Rafiah Yam fired into the neighboring Palestinian refugee camp of Rafah, killing a 42-year-old man who was shutting a window in his home at the time, witnesses said.
The Israeli army said it was investigating the incident. [... Joke!]
Thursday, January 08, 2004
Jenin: Israeli undercover unit kills: 1 Palestinian [...drive by shooting or runaway? armed? or assassinated?]
Yahoo! News - Israeli undercover unit kills Palestinian militant in Jenin: "Thu Jan 8,11:08 AM ET
JENIN, West Bank (AFP) - An Israeli undercover unit killed a Palestinian militant from the Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades in the northern West Bank city of Jenin, Palestinian security and medical sources revealed.
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Asaad Salah Khaliliyeh, 32, was shot dead in front of the Jenin municipality by plainclothed Israeli security forces traveling in a civilian vehicle, the sources said Thursday.
The militant from the radical offshoot of the mainstream Fatah (news - web sites) movement of Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat (news - web sites) was taken to hospital where he was declared dead. Khaliliyeh was also a member of the Palestinian police services.
Israeli military sources said the man was shot trying to escape his arrest by a border police unit.
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The head of the Al-Aqsa group in Jenin, Zaqaria Zubeidi, confirmed Khaliliyeh had been gunned down and promised bloody revenge.
Two Palestinians Killed in Israeli Shootings | Thu Jan 8,10:20 AM ET | JENIN, West Bank (Reuters)
Assad Falah Halilya, identified by the militant al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades as one of its members, was shot in the head by what witnesses described as undercover Israeli troops firing at him from a car in the northern West Bank city of Jenin.
An Israeli military source said a wanted militant was shot and killed after trying to flee paramilitary border police who went to arrest him. ...
Yahoo! News - Israeli undercover unit kills Palestinian militant in Jenin: "Thu Jan 8,11:08 AM ET
JENIN, West Bank (AFP) - An Israeli undercover unit killed a Palestinian militant from the Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades in the northern West Bank city of Jenin, Palestinian security and medical sources revealed.
...
Asaad Salah Khaliliyeh, 32, was shot dead in front of the Jenin municipality by plainclothed Israeli security forces traveling in a civilian vehicle, the sources said Thursday.
The militant from the radical offshoot of the mainstream Fatah (news - web sites) movement of Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat (news - web sites) was taken to hospital where he was declared dead. Khaliliyeh was also a member of the Palestinian police services.
Israeli military sources said the man was shot trying to escape his arrest by a border police unit.
...
The head of the Al-Aqsa group in Jenin, Zaqaria Zubeidi, confirmed Khaliliyeh had been gunned down and promised bloody revenge.
Two Palestinians Killed in Israeli Shootings | Thu Jan 8,10:20 AM ET | JENIN, West Bank (Reuters)
Assad Falah Halilya, identified by the militant al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades as one of its members, was shot in the head by what witnesses described as undercover Israeli troops firing at him from a car in the northern West Bank city of Jenin.
An Israeli military source said a wanted militant was shot and killed after trying to flee paramilitary border police who went to arrest him. ...
Wednesday, January 07, 2004
Tulkarem: IDF kills: 1 Pal
Excite News: "Three Palestinian Militants[?] Killed | Jan 7, 4:14 AM (ET) | By RAVI NESSMAN
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Troops shot and killed a third Palestinian in Tulkarem, in the northern West Bank, after he fired on troops during an arrest operation, the military said. Palestinian witnesses identified the dead man as Hisham Haraish, 21, who was affiliated with the militant Hamas group.
Excite News: "Three Palestinian Militants[?] Killed | Jan 7, 4:14 AM (ET) | By RAVI NESSMAN
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Troops shot and killed a third Palestinian in Tulkarem, in the northern West Bank, after he fired on troops during an arrest operation, the military said. Palestinian witnesses identified the dead man as Hisham Haraish, 21, who was affiliated with the militant Hamas group.
Sunday, January 04, 2004
Nablus: IDF kills: 1 more Pal at funeral
Yahoo! News - Israeli Soldiers Kill Four Palestinians: "Sat Jan 3, 4:13 PM ET | By ALI DARAGHMEH, Associated Press Writer
NABLUS, West Bank - Israeli soldiers patrolling the West Bank city of Nablus shot and killed three Palestinians during fighting Saturday that spilled over into the funeral procession later in the day, when troops killed a fourth Palestinian.
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Hours later, Israeli soldiers shot at Palestinians during the funeral procession for the three dead, killing one man and lightly wounding three others. The army said troops shot two armed men who walked in their direction during the gathering. Witnesses claimed the shooting was unprovoked.
Israeli soldiers usually give a wide berth to funeral processions, where mourners with rifles often shoot into the air. Witnesses said there were no gunmen at the funeral Saturday.
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About two hours later at the funeral procession, troops shot at a crowd of about 2,000 Palestinians from about 200 yards away, hitting Amjad's relative Mohammed al Masri in the head and killing him, witnesses said. Three other men were lightly injured, they said. ...
Yahoo! News - Israeli Soldiers Kill Four Palestinians: "Sat Jan 3, 4:13 PM ET | By ALI DARAGHMEH, Associated Press Writer
NABLUS, West Bank - Israeli soldiers patrolling the West Bank city of Nablus shot and killed three Palestinians during fighting Saturday that spilled over into the funeral procession later in the day, when troops killed a fourth Palestinian.
...
Hours later, Israeli soldiers shot at Palestinians during the funeral procession for the three dead, killing one man and lightly wounding three others. The army said troops shot two armed men who walked in their direction during the gathering. Witnesses claimed the shooting was unprovoked.
Israeli soldiers usually give a wide berth to funeral processions, where mourners with rifles often shoot into the air. Witnesses said there were no gunmen at the funeral Saturday.
...
About two hours later at the funeral procession, troops shot at a crowd of about 2,000 Palestinians from about 200 yards away, hitting Amjad's relative Mohammed al Masri in the head and killing him, witnesses said. Three other men were lightly injured, they said. ...
Nablus: IDF [snipers?] kill: 3 Pal including 2 teens
BBC NEWS | Middle East | Three shot in West Bank protests: "
Israeli forces have shot dead three Palestinians, including a 15-year-old boy, in the West Bank city of Nablus.
Palestinian sources said the three were killed by Israeli sniper fire after they broke a curfew that has been in force for over a week.
The Israeli army said its troops had opened fire in self-defence.
...
In the morning, Amjad al-Masri, 15, died after being shot in the chest by Israeli troops as they fired into a large crowd of protesters.
Later another man was pronounced dead on arrival at Rafidiyeh hospital following further shooting, along with another teenager, who was said by Palestinians to be a passer-by.
Israeli forces said the troops had "felt themselves in danger". ... "Another was seen holding a weapon." [.. not the first time this has been heard, and not always truthfully as with Tom Hudnall, a Brit shot by a sniper. ed] ...
BBC NEWS | Middle East | Three shot in West Bank protests: "
Israeli forces have shot dead three Palestinians, including a 15-year-old boy, in the West Bank city of Nablus.
Palestinian sources said the three were killed by Israeli sniper fire after they broke a curfew that has been in force for over a week.
The Israeli army said its troops had opened fire in self-defence.
...
In the morning, Amjad al-Masri, 15, died after being shot in the chest by Israeli troops as they fired into a large crowd of protesters.
Later another man was pronounced dead on arrival at Rafidiyeh hospital following further shooting, along with another teenager, who was said by Palestinians to be a passer-by.
Israeli forces said the troops had "felt themselves in danger". ... "Another was seen holding a weapon." [.. not the first time this has been heard, and not always truthfully as with Tom Hudnall, a Brit shot by a sniper. ed] ...
